Radicle forms the primary root. Types: Tap root system (dicots), Fibrous root system (monocots), and Adventitious roots (arise from parts other than radicle).
Root Cap → Region of Meristematic Activity → Region of Elongation → Region of Maturation (bears root hairs).
Modifications: For food storage (Carrot, Sweet potato), support (Prop roots in Banyan, Stilt roots in Maize), respiration (Pneumatophores in Rhizophora).
Develops from the plumule. Bears nodes and internodes.
Modifications: Underground storage (Potato, Ginger, Turmeric), Tendrils for support (Gourds), Thorns for protection (Bougainvillea), Photosynthetic (Opuntia).
A lateral, flattened structure for photosynthesis. Consists of leaf base, petiole, and lamina.
Inflorescence: Arrangement of flowers on the floral axis. Racemose (main axis continues to grow) and Cymose (main axis terminates in a flower).
A typical flower has four whorls: Calyx (sepals), Corolla (petals), Androecium (stamens/male), Gynoecium (carpels/female).
The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud. Types: Valvate, Twisted, Imbricate, and Vexillary (Pea).
Fruit: A mature or ripened ovary. A fruit formed without fertilization of the ovary is called a parthenocarpic fruit.
Seed: Composed of a seed coat and an embryo (radicle, embryonal axis, and 1 or 2 cotyledons).