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Database Management System

Complete Unit-wise notes following Syllabus

Unit 1: Introduction to Database Management System

Get introduced to the fundamentals of data and databases. Learn how file systems evolved into database systems and explore the key concepts, components, and architectures of DBMS.

Key Topics:

  • Introduction to Data, Information, and Persistent Data
  • File and File Management System – Concepts and Basic File Operations
  • File Structure and Types of File Organization – Sequential, Heap, Hash, B+ Tree, Indexed Sequential (ISAM), Cluster
  • Introduction to Database Management System (DBMS)
  • Evolution of Databases and DBMS
  • Characteristics and Components of Database Systems
  • Comparison – Database Management System vs File Management System
  • DBMS Architecture – 1-Tier, 2-Tier, and 3-Tier Architecture
  • Database Concepts – Schemas, Instances, Classification, and Languages
  • Introduction to Data Models – Network, Hierarchical, Relational, ER, Object-Based, and Semi-Structured
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Unit 2: Relational Database Management System & Data Modelling

Understand the relational model, data structure, and constraints. Learn the ER model, its components, and how to map an ER diagram into a relational schema.

Key Topics:

  • Introduction to Relational Databases and Data Models
  • Structure of a Relational Database
  • Relational Model Terminology – Relations, Domains, Attributes, Tuples
  • Relational Constraints and Codd’s Rules
  • Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model – Concepts and Components
  • E-R Model Elements – Entity Sets, Attributes, Relationships, and Keys
  • E-R Diagram Notation, Mapping Constraints, and Extended E-R Features
  • Conversion of E-R Diagram to Relational Model
  • Introduction to Relational Algebra – Concepts and Basic Operations (Select, Project, Rename, Union, Difference, Division, Cartesian Product)
  • Additional Relational Algebra Operations – Intersection, Natural Join, and Outer Join
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Unit 3: SQL and Database Design Theory

Learn SQL in detail – from commands and queries to joins and triggers. Understand data normalization, functional dependencies, and database design principles.

Key Topics:

  • Introduction to SQL – Characteristics and Advantages
  • SQL Data Types, Literals, and Operators
  • Types of SQL Commands – DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL
  • SQL Queries and Subqueries
  • Aggregate Functions and Data Manipulation (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE)
  • SQL Joins, Set Operations (UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS), and Views
  • Introduction to Cursors and Triggers
  • Functional Dependencies and Database Anomalies
  • Normalization Concepts – Need, Rules, and Design Guidelines
  • Normal Forms – 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, and Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
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Unit 4: Transaction Processing & Concurrency Control

Learn how DBMS ensures data reliability through transaction management, recovery techniques, and concurrency control methods to prevent conflicts and maintain consistency.

Key Topics:

  • Introduction to Transactions in DBMS
  • ACID Properties of Transactions
  • Transaction States and Their Life Cycle
  • Concept and Importance of Transaction Logs
  • Importance of Database Backups
  • Database Recovery – Concepts, Need, and Techniques
  • Causes of Database Failures and Recovery Terminology
  • Introduction to Concurrency Control
  • Concurrency Problems – Lost Update, Dirty Read, Incorrect Summary
  • Techniques for Handling Concurrency and Ensuring Data Consistency
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