Class 9 Social Science

Complete notes covering History, Geography, Political Science & Economics

📜 History - India and the Contemporary World I

Section I: Events and Processes

Chapter 1: The French Revolution

Study the causes, events, and impact of the French Revolution of 1789. Learn about the fall of the monarchy, reign of terror, and rise of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Key Topics:

  • French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century
  • The Outbreak of the Revolution
  • France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
  • The Reign of Terror
  • A Directory Rules France
  • Did Women have a Revolution?
  • The Abolition of Slavery
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Chapter 2: Socialism in Europe and the Russian Revolution

Understand the socialist movement in Europe, the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the establishment of the Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin.

Key Topics:

  • The Age of Social Change
  • The Russian Revolution
  • The February Revolution in Petrograd
  • What Changed after October
  • The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution
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Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Explore the rise of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler, the causes of World War II, and the Holocaust.

Key Topics:

  • Birth of the Weimar Republic
  • Hitler's Rise to Power
  • The Nazi Worldview
  • Youth in Nazi Germany
  • The Art of Propaganda
  • Crimes Against Humanity
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Section II: Livelihoods, Economies and Societies

Chapter 4: Forest Society and Colonialism

Learn about the relationship between forests and colonial rule, impact of British policies on forest communities and tribal life.

Key Topics:

  • Why Deforestation?
  • The Rise of Commercial Forestry
  • Rebellion in the Forest
  • Forest Transformations in Java
  • War and Deforestation
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Chapter 5: Pastoralists in the Modern World

Study pastoral communities across the world, their lifestyles, and how colonial and modern policies affected them.

Key Topics:

  • Pastoral Nomads and their Movements
  • Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life
  • Pastoralism in Africa
  • Pastoralism in India
  • Life of Pastoralists Changes
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🌍 Geography - Contemporary India I

Chapter 1: India – Size and Location

Learn about India's geographical location, size, extent, neighbors, and importance of the Indian Ocean in trade and culture.

Key Topics:

  • Location and Extent of India
  • India and the World
  • India's Neighbours
  • Tropic of Cancer and Indian Standard Time
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Chapter 2: Physical Features of India

Study the major physical divisions of India including the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, and Islands.

Key Topics:

  • Major Physiographic Divisions
  • The Himalayan Mountains
  • The Northern Plains
  • The Peninsular Plateau
  • The Indian Desert
  • The Coastal Plains
  • The Islands
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Chapter 3: Drainage

Understand India's drainage systems, major river systems, lakes, and the role of rivers in Indian economy and culture.

Key Topics:

  • Drainage System in India
  • The Himalayan River Systems
  • The Peninsular River Systems
  • Lakes
  • Role of Rivers in the Economy
  • River Pollution
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Chapter 4: Climate

Learn about India's climate, monsoon system, factors affecting climate, and different climatic regions of India.

Key Topics:

  • Climate Controls
  • Factors Affecting India's Climate
  • The Indian Monsoon
  • The Seasons
  • Distribution of Rainfall
  • Monsoon as a Unifying Bond
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Chapter 5: Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Study the types of natural vegetation in India, forest cover, wildlife, conservation efforts, and biodiversity.

Key Topics:

  • Types of Vegetation
  • Tropical Evergreen Forests
  • Tropical Deciduous Forests
  • Thorn Forests and Scrubs
  • Montane Forests
  • Mangrove Forests
  • Wildlife in India
  • Conservation of Forest and Wildlife
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Chapter 6: Population

Understand India's population distribution, density, growth, composition, and demographic transition.

Key Topics:

  • Population Size and Distribution
  • Population Growth and Processes of Population Change
  • Age Composition
  • Sex Ratio
  • Literacy Rate
  • Health
  • Occupational Structure
  • National Population Policy
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⚖️ Political Science - Democratic Politics I

Chapter 1: What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Explore the meaning of democracy, its features, and why it is considered the best form of government despite its challenges.

Key Topics:

  • What is Democracy?
  • Features of Democracy
  • Why Democracy?
  • Arguments Against Democracy
  • Arguments For Democracy
  • Broader Meanings of Democracy
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Chapter 2: Constitutional Design

Learn about the making of the Indian Constitution, its key features, and the vision of our founding fathers.

Key Topics:

  • Democratic Constitution in South Africa
  • Why do we need a Constitution?
  • Making of the Indian Constitution
  • Guiding Values of the Indian Constitution
  • Preamble of the Constitution
  • Institutional Design
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Chapter 3: Electoral Politics

Understand the electoral process in India, election systems, role of Election Commission, and what makes Indian elections democratic.

Key Topics:

  • Why Elections?
  • What is our System of Elections?
  • Voter's List and Identity Cards
  • Nomination of Candidates
  • Election Campaign
  • Polling and Counting
  • What makes Elections Democratic?
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Chapter 4: Working of Institutions

Study how democratic institutions work in India, including Parliament, Executive, and Judiciary.

Key Topics:

  • How is a Major Policy Decision Taken?
  • Parliament and the Making of Laws
  • Political Executive
  • Prime Minister and Council of Ministers
  • President
  • Judiciary
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Chapter 5: Democratic Rights

Learn about fundamental rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution and their importance in protecting citizens.

Key Topics:

  • Life Without Rights
  • Rights in a Democracy
  • Rights in the Indian Constitution
  • Right to Equality
  • Right to Freedom
  • Right Against Exploitation
  • Right to Freedom of Religion
  • Cultural and Educational Rights
  • Right to Constitutional Remedies
  • Expanding Scope of Rights
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💰 Economics

Chapter 1: The Story of Village Palampur

Understand basic economic activities through the story of a hypothetical village - farming, non-farm activities, and factors of production.

Key Topics:

  • The Story of Village Palampur
  • Farming in Palampur
  • How is Farming Different from Manufacturing?
  • Farming Activities and the Need for Capital
  • Non-Farm Activities in Palampur
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Chapter 2: People as Resource

Learn about human capital formation, economic activities, quality of population, unemployment, and the role of education and health.

Key Topics:

  • People as Resource
  • Economic Activities by Men and Women
  • Quality of Population
  • Unemployment
  • Education and Health
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Chapter 3: Poverty as a Challenge

Study poverty in India, its causes, measurement methods, anti-poverty programs, and government initiatives.

Key Topics:

  • Understanding Poverty
  • Poverty as seen by Social Scientists
  • Poverty Line
  • Poverty Estimates
  • Vulnerable Groups
  • Inter-State Disparities
  • Global Poverty Scenario
  • Causes of Poverty
  • Anti-Poverty Measures
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Chapter 4: Food Security in India

Understand the concept of food security, buffer stock, public distribution system, and food security challenges in India.

Key Topics:

  • What is Food Security?
  • Why Food Security?
  • Who are Food Insecure?
  • Food Security in India
  • Buffer Stock
  • Public Distribution System (PDS)
  • Role of Cooperatives in Food Security
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