Class 9 Science

Learn about the nature of matter, states of matter (solid, liquid, gas), properties, and the effect of temperature and pressure on matter.

Key Topics:

• Physical Nature of Matter
• Characteristics of Particles of Matter
• States of Matter - Solid, Liquid, Gas
• Change of State of Matter
• Evaporation
• Effect of Change of Temperature
• Effect of Change of Pressure
• Interconversion of States

Understand mixtures, solutions, heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures, methods of separation, and the difference between physical and chemical changes.

Key Topics:

• What is a Mixture?
• Types of Mixtures - Homogeneous and Heterogeneous
• What is a Solution?
• Concentration of Solution
• Separating the Components of a Mixture
• Filtration, Evaporation, Centrifugation
• Distillation and Chromatography
• Physical and Chemical Changes
• What are the Types of Pure Substances?
• Elements and Compounds

Study the laws of chemical combination, atomic theory, atoms, molecules, chemical formulas, molecular mass, and the mole concept.

Key Topics:

• Laws of Chemical Combination
• Law of Conservation of Mass
• Law of Constant Proportions
• What is an Atom?
• What is a Molecule?
• Writing Chemical Formulae
• Molecular Mass and Mole Concept
• Atomicity
• Ions - Cations and Anions
• Formula Unit Mass

Explore the structure of atoms, charged particles (protons, electrons, neutrons), atomic models, and isotopes.

Key Topics:

• Charged Particles in Matter
• Discovery of Electron, Proton, and Neutron
• Thomson's Model of Atom
• Rutherford's Model of Atom
• Bohr's Model of Atom
• Distribution of Electrons in Different Orbits
• Valency
• Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Isotopes and Isobars

Learn about cells as the basic unit of life, cell structure, cell organelles, and their functions.

Key Topics:

• What are Living Organisms Made Up of?
• What is a Cell Made Up of?
• Structural Organization of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell Organelles - Mitochondria, Golgi Apparatus, ER
• Ribosomes, Lysosomes, Vacuoles
• Plastids - Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts
• Difference Between Plant and Animal Cell

Understand tissues as groups of cells, types of plant and animal tissues, and their functions.

Key Topics:

• What is a Tissue?
• Plant Tissues - Meristematic and Permanent
• Simple Permanent Tissue - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
• Complex Permanent Tissue - Xylem and Phloem
• Animal Tissues
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue - Blood, Bone, Cartilage, Areolar
• Muscular Tissue - Striated, Smooth, Cardiac
• Nervous Tissue

Study the classification of living organisms, five kingdom classification, and characteristics of major groups.

Key Topics:

• What is the Basis of Classification?
• Classification and Evolution
• The Hierarchy of Classification Groups
• Five Kingdom Classification
• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae - Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta
• Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
• Kingdom Animalia - Invertebrates and Vertebrates
• Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda
• Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata
• Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

Learn about health and disease, types of diseases, infectious and non-infectious diseases, and prevention methods.

Key Topics:

• Health and Its Failure
• Disease and Its Causes
• Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases
• Acute and Chronic Diseases
• Means of Spread of Infectious Diseases
• Organ-Specific and Tissue-Specific Manifestations
• Principles of Treatment
• Principles of Prevention
• Immunization

Understand the importance of natural resources, air, water, soil, biogeochemical cycles, and conservation.

Key Topics:

• The Breath of Life - Air
• Role of the Atmosphere in Climate Control
• Air Pollution and its Harmful Effects
• Water - A Wonder Liquid
• Water Pollution
• Mineral Riches in the Soil
• Soil Pollution
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Water Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
• Oxygen Cycle
• Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
• Ozone Layer Depletion

Study methods to improve food production, crop production management, and animal husbandry.

Key Topics:

• Improvement in Crop Yields
• Crop Variety Improvement
• Crop Production Management
• Nutrient Management
• Irrigation
• Cropping Patterns
• Crop Protection Management
• Storage of Grains
• Animal Husbandry
• Cattle Farming - Milk and Draught
• Poultry Farming
• Fish Production
• Bee Keeping

Learn about motion, types of motion, distance and displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, and equations of motion.

Key Topics:

• Describing Motion
• Motion Along a Straight Line
• Distance and Displacement
• Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion
• Speed and Velocity
• Acceleration
• Equations of Motion by Graphical Method
• Uniform Circular Motion
• Distance-Time Graph
• Velocity-Time Graph

Understand force, Newton's three laws of motion, inertia, momentum, and conservation of momentum.

Key Topics:

• Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
• First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
• Inertia and Mass
• Second Law of Motion
• Mathematical Formulation of Second Law
• Third Law of Motion
• Action and Reaction Pairs
• Conservation of Momentum
• Derivation of Conservation Law
• Applications of Newton's Laws

Study universal law of gravitation, free fall, mass and weight, thrust and pressure, Archimedes' principle, and buoyancy.

Key Topics:

• Universal Law of Gravitation
• Importance of the Universal Law of Gravitation
• Free Fall
• To Calculate the Value of g
• Mass and Weight
• Weight of an Object on the Moon
• Thrust and Pressure
• Pressure in Fluids
• Buoyancy
• Why Objects Float or Sink in Water?
• Archimedes' Principle
• Relative Density

Learn about work, energy, kinetic and potential energy, law of conservation of energy, power, and commercial unit of energy.

Key Topics:

• Work
• Conditions for Work to be Done
• Energy
• Forms of Energy
• Kinetic Energy
• Potential Energy
• Work-Energy Theorem
• Law of Conservation of Energy
• Transformation of Energy
• Power
• Commercial Unit of Energy (kWh)

Understand production and propagation of sound, characteristics of sound waves, reflection, echo, and applications of ultrasound.

Key Topics:

• Production of Sound
• Propagation of Sound
• Sound Needs a Medium to Travel
• Sound Waves are Longitudinal Waves
• Characteristics of a Sound Wave
• Wavelength, Frequency, Time Period
• Amplitude and Loudness
• Speed of Sound
• Reflection of Sound
• Echo and Reverberation
• Range of Hearing
• Infrasound and Ultrasound
• Applications of Ultrasound
• SONAR
• Structure of the Human Ear